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Background. Periodically, Congress considers expanding Medicare coverage to include some currently excluded health care services. In 1999 and 2000, an Institute of Medicine committee studied the issues related to coverage for certain services, including "medically necessary dental services."

Methods. The committee conducted a literature search for dental care studies in five areas: head and neck cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, organ transplantation, and heart valve repair or replacement. The committee examined evidence to support Medicare coverage for dental services related to these conditions and estimated the cost to Medicare of such coverage.

Results. Evidence supported Medicare coverage for preventive dental care before jaw radiation therapy for head or neck cancer and coverage for treatment to prevent or eliminate acute oral infections for patients with leukemia before chemotherapy. Insufficient evidence supported dental coverage for patients with lymphoma or organ transplants and for patients who had undergone heart valve repair or replacement.

Conclusions. The committee suggested that Congress update statutory language to permit Medicare coverage of effective dental services needed in conjunction with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or pharmacological treatment for life-threatening medical conditions.

Practice Implications. Dental care is important for members of all age groups. More direct, research-based evidence on the efficacy of medically necessary dental care is needed both to guide treatment and to support Medicare payment policy.

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