A review of the literature and a case report are presented, documenting and illustrating the effect that gingivally retained orthodontic elastic bands have on the periodontal tissues. Until a harmless radiopaque medium can be safely incorporated into elastic bands, extreme caution in their use should be observed. Not only should all attempts be made to anchor the elastic bands to the clinical crown, but the patient should receive thorough instructions in their placement and removal. The dentist should include frequent examinations as part of his treatment regimen.