Background. Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by sleep fragmentation, oxygen desaturation and daytime somnolence. It is common in people with Down syndrome, occurring in at least one-half of this population.

Methods. The authors review the clinical presentation of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with Down syndrome.

Results. The diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in the Down syndrome population reinforce the important role that dentists play in recognizing its association with comorbidities and daily cognitive and behavioral function.

Conclusions. Sleep abnormalities in children with Down syndrome often are not cured by surgical procedures. These patients may not tolerate continuous positive airway pressure treatment, but they should benefit from the use of oral appliances.

Clinical Implications. The dentist has an important role in enhancing the quality of life of patients with Down syndrome, especially in the recognition and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.